Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

Huckleberry Finn Essay In the protagonist Huckleberry Finn as he is depicted by Mark Twain, Emerson’s idea of the American scholar is epitomized. The following essay will present the points of Mark Twain as an American scholar through the character Huckleberry Finn; it is through Huckleberry Finn that Emerson’s ideas of nature, books and action become realized and this essay will bring to the forefront of its argument these facts among many other ideas of Emerson’s American scholar are epitomized in Twain’s character Huck. Huckleberry Finn is a character whose main purpose seems almost like a young tale of the Iliad in which fate seems to simply happen to Huck Finn. The events leading up to his stay with the widow Douglas he accounts are no fault of his own, as the metaphor of the story is found with the great Mississippi River so does Huck Finn’s life simply flow along until he makes a conscious choice. This choice comes into being when Huck decides that ‘sivilised’ life is not for him. In the rejection of civilized life Twain is brining in elements of Emerson’s ideals: Huck Finn is a very simplistic character and his thwarting of Widow Douglas best attempts of making him presentable to society become the correlation of Emerson’s American scholar. The American scholar according to Emerson is best found in nature since it is with nature that man learns how the world works; in the trees, and in the roots. This classification allows a man to simplify his life; life is easier with just nature and without civilization. Thus, it may be surmised that Huck’s doffing off of nature is Twain’s own sentiment on the subject of culture and the evilness of society. In Huckleberry Finn’s disappearance from civilized life, after his father kidnaps him and Huck fakes his own death, the voice of Emerson is best found with Jim the slave. Jim gives advice to Huckleberry Finn about the disappointments found in the world and how a man may be able to handle himself by making conscious choices. In the litany of Emerson, this concept is also found by way of Emerson stating that a scholar must gather for himself the appropriate information from different books in order to find an organized opinion about a subject and to take a side of each books’ opinion in order to find himself. Jim states similarly to Finn that he should experience what life has to offer and decide for himself the difference between right and wrong, morality and immoral nature. Thus, the point of going down the Mississippi is to gain as much knowledge and experience as possible in order to later filter opinion from fact, one’s own thoughts from society’s mores. It is in the creation of man’s own thoughts, of Finn deciding throughout the journey that no man should be a slave that Huckleberry Finn becomes a man, becomes an American scholar since he is finally thinking for himself. He rejects Widow Douglas, his father, society in whole and travels with Jim collecting his own thoughts and deciding what is wrong and what is right in the nature of man. In a subtler note, Emerson states that the American scholar must take action and in this capacity Mark Twain does not falter with his protagonist Huckleberry Finn. Huck’s action consists in the part of the story where the Dauphin capture Jim and subsequently sells him in order to receive the reward. Huck is completely outraged by this betrayal and in the course of the story this signifies the first time that he acts upon his own judgment and he rejects the advice of his conscience which tells him that by helping Jim escape to freedom he is in a way stealing Miss Watson’s property. Huck tells himself, All right, then, Ill go to hell! (Twain), Huck resolves to free Jim. Emerson’s concept of the American scholar persists with this idea of action; Emerson states that the scholar must fill every moment of every day with action. The scholar should accordingly work different jobs in order to become fluent in a myriad of vocations. The scholar must also be a poylglot in order to express himself with different thoughts. In the language of the text Huck Finn speaks a very succinct colloquial language as well as proper grammar at times. Thus, he is fulfilling Emerson’s concepts. Finn’s epiphany while traveling and having conversations with Jim is such that he discovers man is his own master; in discovering that Jim has to hide in order to be free and comparing that with Finn’s own hiding in order not be kidnapped he relates himself to Jim. The discovery upon the river is as Emerson highlights, â€Å"And, finally, is not the true scholar the only true master? But the old oracle said, `All things have two handles: beware of the wrong one. In life, too often, the scholar errs with mankind and forfeits his privilege. Let us see him in his school, and consider him in reference to the main influences he receives† (Emerson). Thus, Finn epitomizes Emerson’s view of the American scholar through not only his thoughts but also his behaviors and his actions.

Intervention In Early Childhood Education Essay

Intervention In Early Childhood Education Essay Studies have shown intervention in early childhood may be crucial for the development of a child. According to Siraj- Blatchford, it is believed that children who have access to early childhood care and education may fare better in their future development. Government bodies advocate for intervention in early childhood as they believe that children from poor background may have equal chance to move out of the poverty cycle through education. However, it may be challenging to provide quality early childhood care and education to combat poverty. The relevance of early childhood models, social and cultural context, co-ordination within families, communities and government bodies play an important role in developing appropriate intervention programme to help children in poverty reach their full potential in mental and social development (Siraj-Blatchford). Context ( what are the legislation UNCRC, ECEC, NGO, statistics on what is happening globally, definition of term) The context of poverty differs in developed and developing countries. Developing countries may refer to countries in Africa, South America and Asia where there is a lower standard of living, for example, in healthcare and education. In developing countries, some of which may be torn by wars and internal conflicts, children live in hunger, poor health and poor nutrition. In these countries, poverty may be translated to high infant and child mortality, lack of education and surviving on less than a dollar a day (Penn, 2005). Developing countries may receive fundings from non-governmental organizations such as World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organisation and United Nations to finance programs to bring the people out of the poverty cycle. According to Conleys human capital theory, investment in young children will bring the greatest return to society in the future. This is concurred in the human development case as explained in Siraj-Batchford, which states that intervention in early years will prevent loss of development potential in the children. Early childhood is a crucial period of development, poor health and nutrition which may arise out of poverty have negative consequences on the child. Early Childhood education and care (ECEC) has the potential to help children in poverty develop and equalize life chances. As such, much significance is given to ECEC in policies development globally. Developed countries may refer to the countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). In developed countries, some government measure poverty as family earning less than half of the median income. In other countries, poverty may refer to people who cannot make the minimum requirement which is need to love as set by their governments (Penn, 2005). Poverty in developed countries may arise as a result of migration. Statistics have shown that UK and USA has the highest child poverty rate (Wilkinson Pickett in the Spirit Level, 2009) and Penn , 2005. People may migrate to the cities to seek employment or to move from countries in conflict. Statistics has shown that 1 in 37 people in the world is a migrant in search of work (Penn, 2005). As they go to the cities to seek employment, they may end up in low-paid job and both parents may need employment. For some mothers who stayed with their children in their hometown, they may need to seek employment in their hometown. As such, demand for child care services increases. In developed countries, government invest in early childhood care and education on the understanding that people contribute to the nations wealth. The economic benefits generated from investment in ECEC will churn greater gains in the future as it will lower health and social risks, like crime rates. In return, it will improve childrens development which is translated to jobs skills and higher worker productivity in future ( Siraj-Blatchford) Another rationale for early intervention in ECEC is the social justice case. All people should be given equal chances in life. Government has a responsibility to ensure all people has the same rights to education. Moreover, it is through education that people learn the fundamental attitudes and values to do well (Siraj-Blatchford). United Nation Convention for Child Rights (UNCRC) and every child matters (2006) states that all children have a right to life and governments must ensure that all children survive and stay healthy. Countries which have adopt the UNCRC therefore advocate for early childhood intervention plan. Non-governmental organizations like World Bank, IMF, WTO also understand the significance of ECEC and provide fundings for ECEC programmes in developing countries. Discussion (start by telling about developed and developing world, brofenbrenner) Findings ( Critique for intervention) govt need to be more realistic in addressing chn needs Government may set up non-profit organization to provide ECEC for children, for example , Head start program, which provides large scale early childhood programme which shows significant short-term benefits. However, long term benefits are not clear (Garces). Research by Obama administration show it provides little benefits to the children. In addition, survey by the US government show there is lack of qualified staff and health care professionals which will have adverse effect on the development of the children. Inequality of quality and access as private sectors tend to cater to the affluent and not set up in poorer regions of the countries Challenges to ECEC in developed countries may include lack of funding, inadequate co-ordination of the agencies involved, quality of programme and lack of qualified staff (Waller, 2009). Another challenge in developed countries is that one of the objectives of ECEC is to enable women to have equal participation in the workforce and to enable chidlren to learn and socialize (Penn, 2005). Early intervention to curb poverty is not the main priority, as such, this is another reason why ECEC is left to private operators. In USA, ECEC is left to individual providers so the quality of care and education is variable and there is inequitable access to these services. Individual providers are also more likely to set up ECEC centres in urban areas and this may be incompatible with the government aim to provide quality education for all children. Starting strong describe the progress made by OECD countries to implementation of ECCE However, there are some successful ECCE model in other countries, such as Te Whariki in New Zealand. The curriculum includes content which meets the needs of the people in the cultural and social context. As such, it applies to the children in the setting. It is also true for Reggio Emilia, which is highly successful as it is based on the local context where it promotes communication between adults and children (Waller 2009). These ECEC models work in the place where they originated because it caters to the social and cultural context of the people. Evidence is highly specific to certain group and programme cant be transferred Although NGOs like World bank provide fundings to developing countries for education, their priority lies in primary education (Coraggio, 1996). ECEC programme were mostly operated by private entrepreneurs and community-based (Penn, 2008). In addition, these ECEC programme were adopted from ECEC models developed in the western countries. These models may not be relevant in the developing countries. Most NGOs, for example, World bank is seen to concur on research studies done by Western institutions on child development. Decision to invest in ECEC programmes have been based on the experiences and practices of ECEC in developed countries (Penn, 2005). Maynard and Thomas(2004) noted that ECEC is given low priority in government policies in developing countries and they are usually maintained by private sector, or NGOs. As a result, faces of the following problems, developing countries (using developed countries model in developing countries) Lowly qualified teachers Irrelevant curriculum Inappropriate assessment Taught in foreign language , eg Malawi has oral language Parents cant afford school fees, clothes, shoes Children too hungry to learn Chidlren needed to help at home Stigma of AIDS/HIV shun by communities As in the case of Malawi, the ECEC set up in rural areas are community-based with poor program and unqualified staff. In addition the stigma of AIDS keep some of the children ostracized and as a result did not attend ECEC. Furthermore, Malawi has only oral language so it is a challenge to teach literacy to the children (Clark Tucker, 2010). ECD (urban intl org) CBCC (community based) Developing countries ECEC may widen the gap for intergenerational poverty as poor children may not have access to ECEC. Studies in Peru show that 30% of children whose mother have low education do not attend ECEC (Woodhead). UNCRC set rules on child rights but countries may not adopt them Even for countries who adopt UNCRC, they may made ratifications which may go against the interest of the child, for example, education for girls in certain Islamic countries . However, it has been noted that ECEC brings changes to the child for example, in the case of Mother-Child Education Programme in Turkey (Bekman) which involves mothers, it brings positive changes in the childs key environment and relationship. Studies show that these children enjoy higher education which result in better employment. Arango et al concur ECEC alone does not help, need active involvement from families, communities and all stakeholders to make it successful PROMESA in Columbia. 20 evaluation of program in various countries in Africa, South America and Asia show positive results Conclusion Most of the ECEC models are developed in Western countries where their chidlren accounted for less than 10% of the popuation in the world (LeVine, 2008). As in Brofenbrenner theory, the family and community (environment) has direct and indirect impact on the development of the child. This is one of the reason ECEC models cant work in developing countries where the cultures and values are totally different from where they originated (Penn 2005). Family values in developing countries may be different from Developed countries and intervention in ECCE may not be relevant (video-Babies)As in the case of PROMESA, when the parents, teachers and community are involved in the programme, they have positive effect in the child and thus make the programme successful. This is also true in the mother-child education in Turkey. As such, steps have to be taken to modify the ECEC program to include local context and to take into account English is not the main language in some of these developing countries. It would be beneficial to train local workers to be qualified educarers as it would provide employment and at the same time to be able to impart relevant skills in local context. Governments and NGOs like UN, World Bank should place priority on early childhood education instead of Primary Education. Perhaps Article 28 of UNCRC should be changed to all children should have the right to education instead of primary education.

Housekeeping Training and Development

Housekeeping Training and Development Housekeeping is a process of making a place or organization clean and tidy . There is specific department in hotel which is called housekeeping department . This department is responsible to clean the hotel rooms and common area . This department is supervise by an housekeeping manager and assist by an assistant manager. In this process , activities such as cleaning dirty surface , dusting , vacuuming and rubbish disposing are done regularly . In order to clean , tools such as broom , sponge , vacuum machine , and detergent are used . Housekeeping department also plays an important role in hotel line because it creates an pleasant impression . TOPIC: TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT IN HOUSEKEEPING What are three basic areas housekeeping employees should receive training? List the elements found in each area and the importance of environmental and health concerns. Provide good and poor examples. ROOM http://img4.realsimple.com/images/home-organizing/cleaning/0604/family-room_300.jpg Room is the basic area for a housekeeping personnel to receive training . Room is the main source of income for the hotel premise . Room should be kept clean so that it would create a good impression to the guest thus creating a trust in them . however to get a clean room , housekeeping personnel should Clean the room thoroughly without raising dust, using a damp mop , Routinely clean and disinfect equipment and furniture in customers room , Commode, Empty and disinfect the sputum mug frequently if the customer is using it , Empty and clean the waste-paper bin each day or when necessary , keep windows open to promote ventilation and use air-freshening spray if there is an odor left in the room . The class of the room in the hotel mostly depends on the structure of the hotel itself. The classification of the hotel rooms is often used not so much for the indication of comfort, as for the reflection of the number of beds. You can safely say that the general standard for the internationa l hotel business today is a single room. Tourist, staying in it, can count on the separate bathroom, wardrobe, TV set. WI-FI connection to the Internet is a default option practically in all the rooms of new hotels.Depending on the host country and the status of the hotel a standard room can have additional functions and features. For example, in many  hotels in Britain  washstands with the separate faucet for cold and hot water can be found. In Chine the standard set for the bathroom includes a hairbrush, a toothbrush and paste. Thereby the standard set for the bathroom in the world hotel industry includes soap, towels for body and hands and, of late, a shower gel.In addition to the standard room, the world classification distinguishes more than 30 different types of rooms. The type of the hotel room can depend on the view from the window, the number and the size of rooms, the quality of furniture, the content of mini-bar and the availability of office equipment. In addition to the classification of rooms there is a classification of accommodation. There are also a lot of options: from a double room, where three or more people can stay, to accommodation with children or in the separate cabin on the territory of the hotel. Both the room types and the accommodation types have alphabetic acronyms, primarily in English. For example, BO stands for bed only and means that meals are not included. An abbreviation SV (sea view) in the description of the room means that you will be able to observe the sea through your window.These are the types of room Deluxe Deluxe rooms one of the most expensive rooms in the hotel. Deluxe (De luxe) the word is from the French language, literally can be high class Standard Standard or single room is a classic of hotel business. A single room in any hotel plays a role of its own currency. Suite Suite is a hotel room with an improved design. Suites are often similar in size to a standard room, but the quality of design remains good HOTEL LOBBY http://www.empresshotels.com/img/empress-hotel-lobby.jpg Hotel lobby plays an important role in housekeeping because that is the first place guest will see in the entrance of the hotel . Other than that , guest can actually rest while waiting their reservation to be proceses . The lobby should be kept clean regularly , the chairs and table should be wiped and the floor should be mopped . Lobby also can be called as foyer or entrance hall . Many  office buildings,  hotels  and  skyscrapers  go to great lengths to decorate their lobbies to create the right impression. Since the mid 1980s there has been a growing trend to think of lobbies as more than just ways to get from the door to the  elevator, but instead as social spaces and places of commerce.  Some research has even been done to develop scales to measure lobby atmosphere in order to improve hotel lobby design. Many places that offer public services, such as a doctors office, use their lobbies as more of a waiting room for the people waiting for a certain service. In the se types of lobbies it is common for there to be comfortable furniture, such as couches and lounge chairs, so that the customer will be able to wait in comfort. Also, there may be television sets, books, and/or magazines to help the customer pass time as they wait to be served . In the end the lobby should be kept clean to bring in more income . HOTEL WASHROOM http://s3.amazonaws.com/atimg/82961/HazeltonHotel_rect540.jpg Hotel washroom should be kept clean so that it would create a good impression to the customer . The housekeeping department is responsible to ensure that these place are kept clean and tidy .a washroom can be a single unit featuring a toilet and  hand basin  for hand washing. washroom can also be larger facilities, which may include bathing facilities or showers,  changing rooms  and baby facilities.washroom may be stand alone buildings or installations, or be contained within buildings such as  railway stations, schools,  bars,  restaurants,nightclubs  or  filling stations. washroom can also be found on some  public transport  vehicles, for use by passengers. washroom are usually fixed facilities, but can also refer to smaller public  portable toilets, or larger public portable toilets constructed as  portable buildings.washroom are commonly separated by  gender  into male and female facilities, although some can be  unisex, particularly the smaller o r single occupancy types. Both male and female toilets may incorporate toilet cubicles, while many male toilets also feature  urinals. Increasingly, public toilets incorporate  accessible toilets  and features to cater for people with  disabilities.washroom may be unattended or be staffed by a  janitor  (possibly with a separate room), or  attendant, provided by the  local authority  or the owner of the larger building. In many cultures it is customary to  tip  the attendant, while other public toilets may charge a small  fee  for entrance, sometimes through use of a coin operated  turnstile . QUESTION 2 TOPIC: HOTEL AMMENITIES What amenities would you feature in a budget hotel property? In a midsized property? In a luxury property? BUDGET HOTEL http://www.hotelbeursstraat.nl/images/budget_hotel_amsterdam.jpg Budget hotel provides a cheap yet a comfortable place to stay . I would prefer amenities such as food and beverage service and include with shops which sells basic utensils and food . Other than that   Air conditioning must be available. There should be special disability adapted rooms available. The friendly reception is open 24 hours to provide any information required, including currency exchange, safe deposit boxes and internet connection . Younger guests can also have fun in the playground. In the evening, guests can enjoy music at the pool bar, as well as the main bar and frequent party nights to keep spirits high. Barbecue and kaoreke should be provided . MIDSIZED HOTEL http://www.greenfieldhotel.com/en/images/Hotel%20new.jpg Midsized hotel usually is 3 or 4 star hotel . In my opinion food and beverage especially the restaurant should have variety of dishes and facilities .   Guests can relax by the swimming pool with refreshments from the pool bar, open from early in the morning until late at night and other leisure facilities such as the pool table, water polo and the recreation room , all this facilities must be included in midsized property . Other than that , Spa , Jacuzzi , wifi and cable tv should be provided . LUXURY PROPERTY http://www.ezega.com/userfiles/Image/atsea.jpg Luxury hotel such as burj al arab are given the high class facilities or deluxe .Types of amenities a luxury hotel should have is Food and beverage service such as multiple restaurant with different types of cuisine and be entertained by high class waiter and waitress . Other than that Bath ropes and towel should be provided in well furnished washroom equal to 6 star washroom . In entertainment wise , cable tv with multiple channel should be provided and equipped with cd and dvd player . Iron and iron board should be provided together with a huge wardrobe . The beddiong should be huge together with high quality pillow and blanket . In terms of food , a mini fridge should be provided with drinks , wine and snacks . A world class jacuzzi and spa should be provided in high class and in spa the instructor should be well trained . CONCLUSION Question 1 and 2 show me the importance of housekeeping department in hotel industry . Housekeeping department plays an important role in hotel industry because it create an pleasant impression to the guest , thus bringing in more business . Other than that , hotel amenities also plays an important role in hotel industry because guest will prefer to go to hotel which provide better amenities . IM PADMAN THANABALAN, hereby confirm that this assignment is my own work and not copied or plagiarized from any sources. I have referenced the sources from which information is obtained by me for this assignment. Signature Date BIBILIOGRAPHY http://www.hotelnissaki.gr/mykonos-hotels-facilities-amenities.php http://www.hotelhaciendaloslaureles.com/english/los-laureles-facilities.php http://www.ezega.com/userfiles/Image/atsea.jpg http://housekeeping.about.com/od/cleaning101/a/housekeeping.htm Raising the Dust : The Literary Housekeeping of Mary Ward, Sarah Grand, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman  Ã‚  Ã‚   Author:  Sutton-Ramspeck, Beth  Ã‚  Ã‚   Publisher:  Ohio University Press Original Publish Date: 09/2004   Enders Hotel : A Memoir  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Author:  Schrand, Brandon R.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Publisher:  University of Nebraska Press Original Publish Date: 03/2008   Opportunities in Hotel and Motel Management Careers  Ã‚  Ã‚   Author:  Henkin, Shepard  Ã‚  Ã‚   Publisher:  McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing Original Publish Date: 11/2001  

I Never Promised You a Rose Garden by Joanne Greenberg Essay example --

I Never Promised You a Rose Garden by Joanne Greenberg   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The cold tone of this story starts out right in the beginning and her mother and father are quite distraught because of the daughter’s illness and the fact that they must trust the doctors; they seem to not trust anyone. They even told their own family that Deborah is at convalescent school, not a mental institution. Of course the time period of the book is much earlier than now so it is more understandable why they were upset. Hopefully parents now are less ignorant and would try and be proud of their child to willingly get help. It would be too harsh however to say that Deborah’s parents did not do the best that they could, they just did not even realize that their daughter was mentally sick. They didn’t even know that her peeing herself was the result of a tumor. I can say that the way that they treated her for that was wrong. At least they feel bad or that it is their fault. I think that much more of the blame needs to be placed on the par ents, contrary of what Dr. Fried stated. It is the responsibility of the parents to protect and nurture their children, not to physically punish what it not right.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr. Fried is a nice women. It is interesting that she was in Nazi Germany. Deborah and her family are Jewish and I feel that this is an important tie. Dr. Fried in able to make progress with Deborah and gain her trust. Dr. Royson has to treat Deborah for awhile when D. Fried is away. He is a much colder person and seems more concerned with proving Deborah wrong than actually getting into her personality and mind frame the way Dr. Fried did. Most of the other people who work in the hospital seem like they are just there to do their job. Dr. Fried, however, seems to be genuinely concerned about her patients. For some reason, there end up being a few folks that inmates or patients constantly torment: Hobbs, who commits suicide, and Ellis, who replaces Hobbs. Deborah tells one of the orderlies that Hobbs and Ellis are just like the patients and that it were all the harassing comes from. MacPherson sets her straight by telling her that some people cannot afford to get help for their problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I found the other patients very intriguing. They were constantly changing, new one coming in, some getting well and leaving only to return later on. Deborah and another girl even escaped but the... ...d asked for the restraints to be prepared for her because another episode was coming.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Deborah’s internal will and her great perceptiveness was most likely the main reason she started to succeed. Dr. Fried’s relationship with her also played a large role in Deborah’s recovery. Living in the real world at Mrs. Kings and studying to pass the GED may seem like typical thing for most, but this was a huge accomplishment for Deborah. After the last psychotic episode, She wakes up and begins to study. She tells the gods of Yr that she is giving up Yr for good. They remind her of all of the pain that exists because of the â€Å"real world†. â€Å"Full weight,† she said.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think that Deborah is a smart person with a powerful imagination, who makes it through some very real problems. I feel that some of the blame should be directed towards the parents, but I also realize that they have their own problems. Also, this story takes place during a very different time than that we live in today. Hopefully, our society is educated to understand that sometimes there are situations above our own control. We then must look to the medical profession to provide answers to the questions we have.

The Use of Symbols and Symbolism in Homers Odyssey :: Odyssey essays

The Use of Symbolism in Homer's Odyssey There are three signs in the Odyssey which are quite significant to the epic and are symbolic of different things. The first sign is the scar, the second sign is the bow and the third sign is the bed. "Note the importance of signs in the works of Homer, such as the sign of the burning ship in the Iliad. Then there is a long flashback telling how Odysseus got the scar and the significance of it. The scar is symbolically important, for it defines who he is -- and what he is. The scar-flashback starts with the naming of Odysseus by his grandfather Autolykos, who was the world's greatest thief. There Autolykus says, since he has caused pain to people all over the world (the Greek verb odyussai) the boy will be called Odysseus. Odysseus is one who both gives pain and also suffers it. Then we get the long description of the hunt in which Odysseus gets the scar. This is a type of male initiation ritual, where the men of the family or tribe take the young man on an animal hunt so he can prove himself in the company of men. Such rituals often involve scarring or ritual mutilation, and here Odysseus achieves notable deeds by killing the fierce boar (giving pain) but also receiving pain and a scar as token of his accomplishments"(chss.montclair.edu/classics/ODYNOTES19TO24.HTML). "IN the folk-tale told about the husband who comes home after years of absence, so changed by time and Fortune's hard usage that he must adduce proof after proof of his identity before his wife will admit his claim, the first Sign to be exhibited is the scar. This he reveals first to an aged dame, his old nurse, perhaps the only woman then alive in the world who was familiar with its appearance and history. For naturally the first token must not be of a kind so intimate and convincing as to make the wife's unreadiness to respond to it appear capricious and unreasonable. To this extent Homer has adopted the ancient tale"(questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5372374). "The book ends with another sign of the great sympathy that exists between the two, as Penelope admits she could gladly spend all night talking with Odysseus. The beggar has accomplished his mission of winning her confidence and now can see the means by which he might kill the suitors -- the bow" (chss.

English Translation of Chinese Neologisms from the Perspective

1. Introduction Language is dynamic. Every day there are new words coming into use in languages and there are many others fading away from lexicon. Chinese, one of the oldest languages in the world, still possesses this dynamism. Language serves as a tool of communication and interaction, thus it reflects the social changes, and meanwhile social changes find their expressions in language, which leads to the advent of neologisms. The appearances of new inventions, new technologies, new ideas and new social phenomena are capable of bringing neologisms into languages.In the twentieth century, Chinese neologism has undergone three stages: the first stage was from 1919, after the May 4th Movement; the second stage was from the establishment of People’s Republic of China to 1978; the third stage began with the policy of reform and opening-up. Entering into the new century, the development of society has hasted their paces and the communication between centuries becomes more frequent . Language is witnessing the changes. During recent years, an increasing number of new words has been adopted into Chinese.Therefore, as the translator, he or she shoulders the responsibility of translating the new words properly in order to convey the Chinese culture to other countries, and this has proved to be a great challenge. Though there are many dictionaries and handbooks which study Chinese neologisms and the translation of Chinese neologisms, the study of neologism translation is far from enough. This thesis will discuss the translation strategies in order to accomplish the translation of Chinese neologisms efficiently by adopting the theoretical foundation of Eugene A.Nida’s Functional Equivalence. The thesis is divided into six parts. The first part is introduction; the second part focuses on the origins and characteristics of Chinese neologism; the third part puts its emphasis on the theoretical basis—Functional Equivalence, which was proposed by the famou s American translation theorist Eugene A. Nida; the fourth part discusses the respective translation strategies under the guidance of the translation theory. The fifth part talks about the existing problems in neologism translation and how to solve these problems.Last part is a conclusion of the whole thesis. Neologisms emerged in the new century especially new words of 2008 will be adopted as main examples, because they are endowed with fresher and richer contents and reflect the characteristics of new era more evidently. The examples and their translations are quoted mainly from China Daily, Global Times and official translation versions of political documents. This thesis will not specify the respective source of each neologism.

Effect of Media on Eating Habits Essay

Currently this is a serious and growing concern for public health officials, registered dietitians, and families interested in living their day to day lives in a healthy manner. Youth are at the highest risk. According to the National Health Examination Survey, children ages 11-13 have highest rate of daily television viewing (Brown, 2008, p. 316). In a 2007 study, children were more likely to be overweight when they watched more television (Gable, Chang & Krull, 2007). Currently, the second leading cause of actual death according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention is poor diet and physical inactivity (Schneider, 2006, p. 270). Trends that lead to poor diet and physical inactivity, eventually obesity in adults and children alike, stem from habits that form early on in childhood. This creates an endless cycle that perpetuates from generation to generation. Obesity is currently an issue that threatens the majority of Americans and its prevalence has increased substantially in the last three decades (Schneider, 2006, p. 72). It’s caused by a number of different factors including genetics, physical inactivity, and poor eating habits. Two of the three factors noted can be strongly associated with television media. A study conducted at the University of Minnesota in 2009 found an increased incidence of eating in front of the television was primarily due to advertising and reduced metabolic rate in adolescence (Barr-Anderson, Larson & Nelson, 2009). Reduced metabolic rate decreases one’s need for calories. Individuals of this demographic typically don’t take this fact into consideration and eat as much as before their exposure to television was such a significant part of their daily routine. This tendency leads to unwanted and unnecessary weight gain. Increased weight has shown to elevate the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and most kinds of cancer not to mention obesity (Schneider, 2006, p. 270). A less commonly recognized phenomena related to this issue is that people don’t know what healthy choices are and in turn, they are more likely to fall victim to any temptations set before them. These enticements are provided most commonly by television media advertising directed at less educated, more easily influenced audiences. For example, inexpensive fast food that is a particularly popular type of advertising might seem like a logical source of food for some families that do not have access to, or know anything better. Environment There are many problems that make up this complex and layered situation. Many social, cultural and economic factors contribute to these dietary patterns and eating habits that develop over a lifetime (Schneider, 2006, p. 77). The amount of time children spend with different sources of media from: television, film, video games, and computer or online media is exceedingly taking up the greater part of their time. With the average five and a half hours children spend using media on a daily basis, the only thing they spend more time doing is sleeping (Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2004). From age two to twenty, only eighteen years, that adds up to over 29,900 hours spent with media and 1. 8 times more than the 16,000 hours spent in school grades k-12 (Grossberg, 2006, p. 93). That equals out to approximately 20 hours per week according to a study done in 2006 (Francis & Birch, 2006). Not only in the time spent exposed to media is a risk factor for children, but the way in which the media is consumed is also a major contributor to this situation. In the home, if there is a lack of parental control monitoring children’s media exposure, children are then at a higher risk of being influenced. Children heavily influenced by the media have the ability to manipulate how money is spent and savvy companies see them as the consumers to be targeted (Peregrin, 2001, p. 6). Children sometimes even spend their own money on the products they see repeatedly reinforced around them. Advertisers use this well known fact to target children because they know the powerful influence children can have on their parents purchasing decisions (Peregrin, 2001, p. 56). In an article written in 2001, Registered Dietitian, Adrienne Dorf expressed her opinion about educating child ren who are exposed to excessive media. She emphasized the need to explain the difference between television programs and commercials to children who may not be able to differentiate the two. Dorf urged parents to explain the idea of sales and the fact that the food advertised via commercials may not be the best for our bodies. Dietary habits form over a lifetime and are greatly influenced by the social environment and family setting as well as the media (Schneider, 2006, p. 277). From time to time parents struggle with taking their children into the supermarket for groceries just because they don’t want to fight about what the new craze is in sugary cereal or what unhealthy snack crackers are showing more commercials on television or the latest cartoon characters face on their box. It is a common to see a mother or father who gives in to please their child when he or she throws a tantrum in the middle of the aisle to get something they want. This repeated action can be a detrimental in the long run if it persists and continues. Impact Food industries have a goal to sell as much of their product to the public as possible. They will do anything they can to encourage American’s to eat and spend more money on any of their products. Most food advertised is high in fat, sugar, and salt leading to children in the grocery store begging their parents for candy and unhealthy snack foods (Borzekowski & Robinson, 2001). Foods advertised taste â€Å"good† resulting in advertisements publicizing foods with high amounts of sugar, fat, and salt towards younger generations. For example, fast foods and high sugar cereals are two of the most commonly publicized items during children’s programming. Studies have shown that children under the age of 6 years of age cannot distinguish between television programming as opposed to commercial advertising (Borzekowski & Robinson, 2001). The primary problem is that children who spend excessive amounts of time exposed to television media are more likely to be overweight. According to the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience, Youth Cohort (NLSY) a strong dose-response relationship was found between television viewing and the prevalence of overweight (Brown, 2008, p. 316). Adolescents from 10 to 15 years old who reported watching more than 5 hours of television per day had greater odds of having a BMI in the 85th percentile (Brown, 2008, p. 316).